Leo Fender: The Accountant who changed the sound of the 20th Century
The American-style guitar has existed since the 1800’s, but it didn’t play much of a role in popular music until much later. It simply wasn’t loud enough to compete with brass, winds, banjo, or even the Mandolin. Aside from being a good, portable campfire partner, the little peanut-shaped gut-string guitar was mainly used as a “parlor fiddle”. By the 1930s, the added volume of the steel-string Flattop, Archtop, Electro-Hawaiian, and “Electric Spanish” designs gave the Guitar new practicality. With it came a soaring popularity.
Around that time, a young accounting student was in his final years at college. It was not his passion, but fiddling with broken Radios and electronic gadgets was no way to make a living. Yet, within 20 years' time, the young accountant found himself an apex figure at the heart of Electric Musical Instrument manufacturing.
Leo Fender was born in 1909 into an entrepreneurial family. His parents owned an Orange Grove in southern California, and his uncle owned a repair shop, specializing in automotive electronics (find a shop like that today). Like many of his age, Leo showed an interest in the new world of electronics and got in on the Hawaiian-style slide-guitar craze. Although he was passionate about music, it wasn’t playing as much as how the musical instruments work that motivated him. A lesson he learned early, after abandoning Piano and Saxophone lessons.
Leo’s young adulthood was spent during the Great Depression, when the radio was the center of the household and the primary source of news and entertainment. However, no programming content could ever compete with Leo Fender's natural inquisitiveness. The Radio's circuitry was an irresistible puzzle. He loved tinkering and discovering how it all worked, using a stockpile of car radio parts and speakers salvaged from his uncle's automotive shop.
Upon graduating from college, Leo found himself in the world with few opportunities. The depression's 25% unemployment rate meant whatever jobs he managed to land were short-lived before a layoff. His knowledge of radio and electronics, along with his entrepreneurial background, helped him maintain a steady income. With a small loan, Leo Fender went into business for himself, fixing radios. Looking back, this path seems inevitable. For Leo, decoding, improving, and engineering new solutions that make the modern world more fun has always been a joyful motivation.
The Fender Radio Repair Shop and K&F Manufacturing
The Fender Radio and repair shop was centrally located between Anaheim and LA, both densely populated and major entertainment hubs. Leo attracted a good amount of local business and earned additional income and recognition with promoters and touring musicians for his custom PA systems. After 8 successful years, Leo partnered with a veteran of the budding electric musical instrument world, Clay “Doc” Kauffman. As K&F (Kauffman and Fender) Manufacturing, the company specialized in electric lap steel and amp outfits. Although they got off to a good start, the partnership didn’t last. It didn’t matter. Soon enough, Leo Fender would be dancing with the big boys, kicking off a kind of Solidbody Electric Guitar “Space Race.
1950s Telecaster ad
Fender Electric Instruments
With nearly a decade of experience under his belt and everything he needed, Leo founded “Fender Electric Instruments” in 1948. Leo Fender is clearly a brilliant innovator, tireless tinkerer, and also a dutiful listener. He also had the strength of character to surround himself with talented, innovative minds and working musicians for input and critique, rather than yes-men.
“He was striving to do the very best that he could for musicianship, to make his products ahead of the pack, and he knew that the working musician was the secret to all of that.”
~Bill Carson
From the start, he’d already had most of his dream team assembled, including right-hand, George Fullerton, and craftsmen like the now-legendary Tadio Gomez. Musician/consultant Bill Carson and future Fender vice president Clarence White joined shortly after. With all hands on deck, “Captain” Leo and his crew are poised to sail popular music on a brand-new tack and to destinations never imagined. To say that Fender helped change history is a gross understatement. Leo and the crew's creations literally are history.
During his 17-year run at the helm, Fender introduced the high-powered Tweed series, the “piggy pack” Brown-Panel, and reverb-equipped Black-Panel line of amps. He’s the man behind the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Jazzmaster, Jaguar, Mustang, Electric VII guitars, and the Precision and Jazz bass guitars, and more. He started out with bold moves, introducing two world-changing designs: the world's first Bass and Solid-Body Electric Guitars.
Fender 1951 P Bass (Fender Custom Shop re-issue)
The Fender Electric Bass Guitar.
It's no leap of reason to say the age of the solid-body electric guitar was truly ushered in by the Fender electric bass guitar. It wasn’t that long ago that the low end came from a Piano or Orchestral-style Standup Bass (you know, the 6-foot behemoth designed to be played with a bow?). When Leo Fender and crew unleashed the bone-jarring “Precision Bass” in 1951, it blew the powdered wigs and suspenders off the old guard. Imagine a Bass that fits in the car’s trunk, with the potential to be clearly heard over an entire orchestra, possessing the low-end punch and articulation that can make or break a song of any style. While the upright bass will always have a role in numerous musical styles, the electric bass guitar is the backbone of modern music. In fact, well into the 70s, it was common for players to refer to any electric bass guitar generically as “The Fender Bass,” regardless of manufacturer.
The ‘P-Bass’ arrived in stores in the winter of 1951, just a few months after the officially re-named “Telecaster”, and matching Bassman and Bandmaster amps. The P-Bass and its 6-string brother share a distinct family resemblance. The 1951 Precision bass is constructed from an un-contoured slab body, with a black lacquer-coated pickguard atop a translucent Butterscotch Blonde finished ash body. Just like today's P bass, the silhouette features a symmetrical waist and two asymmetric cutaways, providing never-before-obtainable access to the upper register and balanced playability. The tone is generated by a single flathead pickup, right in the center of the body, for a full-range response. Volume and tone knobs on a chrome control cavity cover provide tonal flexibility. Designed with a utility “bolt-on neck” made of maple for fast, easy replacement (a great idea, but Fender necks never became thought of as something “disposable”).
Most importantly, the name Fender Bass Guitar neck is fretted, like a guitar, rather than the smooth boards found on the standup bass or violin. This allows far greater “precision” in note accuracy, sustain, and playability, greatly expanding the instrument's stylistic range.
Ever the tinkerer, Leo Fender made changes to the P-Bass design in 1954 by adding comfort contours. In 1957, the single-coil flat-pole pickup was replaced by the split-coil “P-Bass Pickup,” which is still in use today. During Leo’s era, the P-Bass was joined by the Jazz Bass (1960), Bass VI (1961), and more. Today, the “P-Bass” remains one of the world's most popular bass guitars.
Vintage 1952 Fender Telecaster
Fender Solidbody Electric Guitars
Leo Fender’s was an entirely different, more modern approach to the electrified Guitar. Until Fender came to town, all the other major guitar manufacturers had spent the 1st half of the 20th century trying to make acoustic guitars louder. Not bound by tradition, Fender found the idea of an electrified acoustic archtop that generates feedback nonsensical and outdated. A solid-body guitar (like the electro-Hawaiian lap steels he’d been making at K&F) seemed like the only logical way forward. 76 years later, history shows how right Leo was.
The Fender Telecaster became the world's first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar upon its introduction in 1952. With nothing else in its class that came before to glean inspiration from, the Telecaster is an original, if ever there was one. Leo Fender's most recent (and only) experience in guitar manufacturing was producing the Electro-Hawaiian Steel Guitars with Doc Kaufman at K&F. The Telecaster is a vastly different animal from the electrified archtop Guitars popular since the late 30s. Aside from the solid-body design, the most obvious visual cue is the bolt-on neck, but a more decisive factor in the Tele’s unique new sound is less visible. The Telecasters' “zero degree” neck pitch is much more closely related to lap-steel construction than to the steep, violin-like angle found on electrified archtops. The lack of neck pitch allowed Fender to use a one-piece bridge/tailpiece design, with a canted pickup and a string-through-body system, similar to Fender’s Champion Lap steel model. It’s these factors that significantly influence the Telecasters’ famously twangy tone.
At first, the radical new solid-body guitar met with resistance from the Jazz guitarists Leo hoped to attract. However, Country, Western Swing, and blues guitarists instantly gravitated to the Tele’s hot sound over the cool tone of the electric archtop. Today, the Telecaster is embraced by players of every musical style imaginable. Like the P-Bass, Fender nailed it from jump street. The Telecaster has changed very little since its introduction, and well over 250 separate Telecaster models/variations have been made by Fender over the decades. More still were copied by others. Three-quarters of a Century since its arrival, the Telecaster remains one of the world’s best-loved models.
For Leo Fender, creating the Solid-body electric Guitar was simply building a better mousetrap, which would, in turn, sell more of his amps. For the rest of us around the globe, their arrival was like letting a genie out of the bottle that would never go back inside. The solid-body guitar made it possible to push Fender's powerful amps to their limits without causing runaway feedback. When cranked up, the overdriven tubes create tonal artifacts in the form of rich harmonics, grit, and compression, allowing far greater sustain. The result is a new kind of expressiveness, in a manner never before attainable on the guitar. From Muddy Waters to Jeck Beck, and everyone that’s ever turned up, the sound is the birth cry of a new kind of guitar hero.
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